EE 610
Biological Electrodes

1. Bioelectric phenomena to be recorded/stimulated
   
   1. Cells as electronic devices
      • resting potential or Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential
      • action potential or The action potential
      • synaptic interactions
      • neurotranmitters
      • Information processing by neurons
      • What can be measured?
      • Electrophysiological Recording Techniques
   2. Volume conduction
      • Sources
        • action potential is a double dipole
        • charges on structures
          • eyes
      • Theory and Laplace's equation
        • Body surface mapping
        • Volume conduction theory
   3. Impedance of the body and Electrical Impedance Tomography

2. Electrode Uses
   
   1. Research
      • sense voltage
      • pass current
        • direct current stimulation
        • iontophoresis
          • neurotranmitter
          • inorganic ions
      • microelectrodes
        • intracellular
        • patch
      • extrallcellular
      • arrays Multi-electrode References List
        • tissue culture
          • Hybrid Biosensors
          • Multiple Microelectrode Arrays
          • Electrode Arrays for Cultured Neurons
        • cns
          • Silicon micromachined microelectrode arrays for multisite extracellular recording
          • Penetrating Cortical Probes
          • Stimulation of Rabbit Retina with a Microfabricated Electrode Array
          • Restoration of Vision Systems
          • Development of a Silicone Retinal Implant
      • gross stimulation
   2. Medicine
      • sense voltage
      • pass current
        • Deep Brain Thalamic Stimulator Program
        • iontophoresis
          • Applications in Transdermal Medication
          • Drug delivery
      • suface voltage
        • ecg
          • ECG examples
          • medicotest
        • eeg
          • The Electrode Store
          • Medtronics catalog
          • Lecture slides (look at following slides also)
          • electrode placement
        • emg
          • detection and recording
      • surface gross stimulation
        • nerve velocity determination
      • metal wire
        • emg
      • arrays
        • Evoked EMG Signals from In Vitro
        • COCHLEAR IMPLANTS
        • vision
          • Restoration of Vision Systems
        • eeg
        • A Neural Prosthetic for Arm Movements
        • Direct Brain Interface Project

3. Electrode Fabrication
   
   1. Materials
      • biocompatability/durability
        • toxicity -- electrode attacks body
        • corrosion -- body attacks electrode
        • surface attachment
        • size compared to source size
      • coupling to saline
      • DC Offset Problems
      • Reference Electrodes
      • Ag/AgCl electrodes (near the bottom of the list)
      • impedance/bandwidth
      • mechanical strength
   2. Single electrodes
      • metal
      • glass
        • composition
        • pipette puller
      • carbon filament
        • ProCFE
        • Extracellular single and multiple unit recording with carbon fibre microelectrodes
        • Glass pipette-carbon fiber microelectrodes for evoked potential recordings
        • carbon fibre/fiber electrode references
      • field-effect transistor
   3. Arrays
      • Micromachined Stimulating Microelectrode Arrays
      • The Neurochip (near the bottom of the page)
      • Thin-Film Microelectrode Arrays for Neural Connectivity Studies
      • Silicon Substrate Probes and Devices Offered
      • People Involved in Thin Film Microelectrode Research
      • Thin film electrode bibliographies
      • Multi Electrode Arrays