Spatial Organization of the White-fronted Bee-eater.

Hegner, R.E., Emlen, S.T., & Demong, N.J. 1982. Nature, 296:264-266.

White-fronted bee-eaters (Merops bullockoides , order Coraciiformes) have one of the most complex societies recorded among birds. These birds are highly gregarious, roosting and breeding in large colonies of up to several hundred individuals. They are also cooperative breeders, with over one-half of all breeding pairs being assisted by one or more helpers at the nest. Each colony is subdivisible into several smaller, tightly interacting social units, each consisting of several pairs and helpers -- these units we term clans. Here we report that each bee-eater clan defends a group foraging territory that may be located as many as 7 km from the colony site. Each group territory is subdivided into several partially overlapping home ranges belonging to different members of the clan. These home range clusters remain spatially fixed despite periodic shifts from one colonial roosting and breeding site to another. The authors suggest that the spatial segregation of feeding territories and breeding colonies may have contributed to the complexity of the societal structure of these birds.